ROBERT L. HINKLE, District Judge.
This case presents a substantial challenge to parts of the Florida campaign-financing statutes. The plaintiffs are four individuals who wish to buy radio advertisements opposing a proposed constitutional amendment that will be on the November
Proposed amendments to the Florida Constitution must be approved by the voters. Proposed Amendment 4 on the November 2, 2010, general-election ballot would require amendments to a local government's comprehensive plan to be approved in a public referendum. The plaintiffs are four individuals who oppose Amendment 4. They wish to contribute $150 each, for a total of $600, to purchase air time for a radio advertisement they have written opposing Amendment 4. The plaintiffs propose to run the advertisement 30 times; the air time costs $20 for a 30-second slot.
The plaintiffs also wish, however, to accept contributions—including anonymous and cash contributions—and to use the funds to run the advertisement more often. The plaintiffs do not wish to identify themselves in the advertisement because they wish to use all of the purchased air time to convey the substance of the message and wish for the message to be evaluated based on its content, not based on the plaintiffs' identity. The plaintiffs have not, however, attempted to keep their identities secret.
The plaintiffs assert, and the defendants seem to concede, that even if the plaintiffs do no more than spend their initial $600, they will become a "political committee" under Florida law. See § 106.011(1)(a), Fla. Stat. (defining a "political committee" to include a combination of two or more individuals who accept contributions of—or spend—more than $500 in a year to influence an election, including on a ballot issue).
The plaintiffs filed this case on September 28, 2010. They moved for a preliminary injunction on October 4 and simultaneously agreed to defer consideration of the motion until after the defendants— state elections officials—filed a response on October 14. The plaintiffs asked for a ruling by October 26 so that they could proceed as appropriate in light of the ruling.
I set a hearing for October 18, the second business day after the filing of the defendants' response to the motion. The evidentiary record consists only of declarations and exhibits; neither side presented live testimony. This order is going out as soon as it could be prepared—somewhat coincidentally, on October 26, the date by which the plaintiffs said they needed an answer.
As both sides agree, issuance of a preliminary injunction is governed by four factors: (1) whether the proponent has a substantial likelihood of success on the merits; (2) whether the proponent will suffer irreparable injury if an injunction is not entered; (3) whether the threatened injury outweighs whatever damage the proposed injunction may cause the opponent; and (4) whether the injunction would be adverse to the public interest. See, e.g., Scott v. Roberts, 612 F.3d 1279, 1290 (11th Cir.2010); McDonald's Corp. v. Robertson, 147 F.3d 1301, 1306 (11th Cir.1998); United States v. Lambert, 695 F.2d 536, 539 (11th Cir.1983).
This order addresses these factors for each of the challenged provisions. The provisions fall into four categories: the ban on anonymous contributions (addressed below in section III); the registration and other requirements for political committees (addressed in section IV); the ban on anonymous radio advertisements (addressed in section V); and the limitation on spending funds raised in the last five days before the election (addressed in section VI).
The plaintiffs say they wish to accept contributions from others who, like the plaintiffs, oppose Amendment 4. The plaintiffs wish to be able to "pass the hat" to accept contributions—including cash— at public gatherings. But under the challenged provisions of Florida law, the plaintiffs would have to file a public disclosure of all their contributions, no matter how small. This would prevent passing the hat or otherwise accepting anonymous contributions.
The Supreme Court has repeatedly said that contributor-disclosure requirements are valid. See Citizens United v. Fed. Election Comm'n, ___ U.S. ___, 130 S.Ct. 876, 915-16, 175 L.Ed.2d 753 (2010) (collecting cases); McConnell v. Fed. Election Comm'n, 540 U.S. 93, 195-96, 124 S.Ct. 619, 157 L.Ed.2d 491 (2003) (contributions over $1,000); Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1, 63-68, 96 S.Ct. 612, 46 L.Ed.2d 659 (1976) (contributions over $100). And the Supreme Court has said this not only in cases involving candidate elections but also in cases involving ballot issues like the one involved here. See Citizens Against Rent Control/Coal. for Fair Hous. v. City of Berkeley, Cal., 454 U.S. 290, 299-300, 102 S.Ct. 434, 70 L.Ed.2d 492 (1981) ("[T]he integrity of the political system will be adequately protected if contributors are identified in a public filing revealing the amounts contributed; if it is thought wise, legislation can outlaw anonymous contributions."); First Nat'l Bank of Boston v. Bellotti, 435 U.S. 765, 792 n. 32, 98 S.Ct. 1407, 55 L.Ed.2d 707 (1978) ("Identification of the source of advertising may be required as a means of disclosure, so that the people will be able to evaluate the arguments to which they are being subjected.").
The balance of equities and the public interest also cut against preliminarily enjoining the enforcement of this disclosure requirement. The need for a constitutional ruling sometimes becomes apparent only on the eve of an election, and when that occurs a court properly moves quickly to ensure that fundamental rights are not compromised. See, e.g., Scott v. Roberts, 612 F.3d 1279, 1296 (11th Cir.2010). But here, unlike in Scott, there have been no changes in the relevant facts or law that explain the last-minute filing of the lawsuit. This is, instead, an emergency entirely of the plaintiffs' own making. And the disruption that would be caused by the invalidation of this disclosure requirement, on the eve of the election, would be substantial. If the plaintiffs were likely to prevail on the merits, the late filing of the claim would perhaps not be fatal. But when a claim seeks to depart from long-established precedent, and does so too late to allow meaningful appellate review, the balance of equities and public interest at least suggest caution. Enforcement of the disclosure requirement will not be preliminarily enjoined.
The plaintiffs next challenge the requirement that they register as a "political committee" and comply with the regulatory burdens that attend that status. They rely primarily on Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, ___ U.S. ___, 130 S.Ct. 876, 175 L.Ed.2d 753 (2010). There the Supreme Court struck down a federal statute that prohibited a corporation or union from spending its treasury funds to advocate the election or defeat of a candidate. The Court said that allowing a corporation or union to speak through a political action committee did not save the statute, first because speech by a PAC was not speech by the corporation or union itself, and second because PACs are "burdensome alternatives; they are expensive to administer and subject to extensive regulations." 130 S.Ct. at 897.
The plaintiffs assert, and for present purposes I assume, that a "political committee" under Florida law is not materially different from a PAC under the federal provisions at issue in Citizens United. Even so, Citizens United does not resolve the question of whether Florida can regulate the plaintiffs as a political committee. Citizens United involved an outright ban on election-related speech by a single speaker. The only purported justification for the ban was that the speaker was a corporation. The Court rejected the proposition that, for this purpose, a corporation had no right to speak, and it held that the ability to speak through a PAC did not save the otherwise-unconstitutional ban on direct speaking by the corporation.
Here, in contrast, Florida law does not prohibit a plaintiff from speaking. Each plaintiff is free to speak as much as the plaintiff chooses and need not register as a political committee in order to do so. It is only the plaintiffs' decision to act jointly —and to pool their funds—that triggers the application of the Florida political-committee provisions. The law has long recognized, in many contexts including this one, that there is a difference between individual and joint action.
To be sure, political-committee regulation is burdensome; the Court said so in
Denial of a preliminary injunction on this issue also draws support from the other preliminary-injunction criteria. A denial of First Amendment rights, standing alone, can be and usually is an irreparable injury. See, e.g., Scott v. Roberts, 612 F.3d 1279, 1295 (11th Cir.2010). But a plaintiff will suffer no irreparable injury merely by having to write an individual check to a radio station rather than pooling the same funds with the other plaintiffs. See, e.g., KH Outdoor, LLC v. City of Trussville, 458 F.3d 1261, 1272 (11th Cir. 2006) (noting that a First Amendment violation "does not automatically require a finding of irreparable injury"; irreparable injury results from "direct penalization" of protected conduct, not "incidental inhibition") (quoting earlier authorities). The only reason the plaintiffs are subject to the political-committee regulations, at least based on the initial proposal to spend $600 on advertising, is that instead of one plaintiff buying the entire $600 in air time, or instead of each buying $150 in air time, they wish to buy $600 in air time collectively, thus becoming "two or more individuals" who have "accept[ed] contributions" or "ma[de] expenditures" "in excess of $500 during a single calendar year." § 106.011(1)(a), Fla. Stat. Nothing in the plaintiffs' declarations suggests that they have obtained any benefit, or have been able to engage in any greater or more effective speech, by proceeding in this manner.
To be sure, one of the four plaintiffs has some level of expertise in radio advertising. The plaintiffs say they wish to take advantage of the expertise. Their assertion seems to be that by taking advantage of the expertise, or perhaps by otherwise coordinating their efforts, they are acting jointly and thus exceeding the $500 floor for a political committee, even if they otherwise buy air time separately and write their own individual checks to the radio station. But the record gives no indication that the defendant election officials have so asserted. And nothing in Florida law suggests that a person is subject to regulation as a political committee merely because the person takes free advice on how to draft or place advertisements.
It bears noting, too, that the plaintiffs seem to have framed their approach for the very purpose of triggering Florida's political-committee regulations. Doing so is unobjectionable; a person may properly choose to act in a way that provides standing to mount a constitutional challenge to government action. But the existence of a readily available alternative means of accomplishing the same objective does affect the issues of irreparable harm, the balance of equities, and the public interest. For the same reasons noted in section III above, entry of a preliminary injunction on this issue at this time would not comport with the balance of equities and the public interest.
The plaintiffs next challenge the provision requiring their proposed radio advertisements to include a statement of their identity. The plaintiffs assert a right to speak anonymously. They wish to devote their limited air time to their message, not to identifying themselves, and they wish for the message to be evaluated
The Supreme Court has recognized an individual's right to speak anonymously on an issue that will be on a public ballot. In McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission, 514 U.S. 334, 115 S.Ct. 1511, 131 L.Ed.2d 426 (1995), the Court struck down a fine imposed on a woman who, acting independently of anyone else, circulated anonymous handbills opposing a ballot measure, thus violating a state ban on anonymous campaign literature. The Court said that the two interests invoked by the state were not sufficient to save the fine. First, the state's interest in providing the electorate accurate information on the source of an assertion—thus allowing recipients to better evaluate the assertion— was no different than the state's interest in providing the electorate other relevant information that a speaker was free to include or leave out of the speaker's materials. Id. at 348-49, 115 S.Ct. 1511. Second, the state's interest in deterring false or defamatory statements could be served in other ways, without banning anonymous speech that was neither false nor defamatory. Id. at 349-51, 115 S.Ct. 1511.
McIntyre differs from this case in two respects. First, McIntyre involved handbills. This case involves radio advertisements. The McIntyre opinion noted the distinction, indicating that the statute at issue there banned not only anonymous handbills but also anonymous radio and television advertisements, and continuing:
Id. at 338 n. 3, 115 S.Ct. 1511. Perhaps an individual's radio advertisement would fetch the same protection as an individual's handbill; perhaps not. But the plaintiffs are wrong to say that McIntyre settled the issue.
Second, and perhaps more importantly for the purposes of this case, McIntyre involved an individual who acted alone. The plaintiffs in this case have explicitly chosen to speak as a group. Indeed, the decision to do so is what gives them standing to bring the bulk of their challenges to the Florida statutes. The plaintiffs' assertion apparently is that McIntyre recognized a right to anonymous speech and that it applies not just to an individual but to a group, no matter how large.
An individual may or may not have a First Amendment right to run an anonymous radio advertisement addressing a ballot issue. But under repeated decisions of the Supreme Court, an individual has no right to receive an anonymous contribution to fund a radio advertisement addressing a ballot issue, nor a right to make an anonymous contribution to fund someone else's radio advertisement. See, e.g., Citizens Against Rent Control/Coal. for Fair Hous. v. City of Berkeley, Cal., 454 U.S. 290, 299-300, 102 S.Ct. 434, 70 L.Ed.2d 492 (1981); First Nat'l Bank of Boston v. Bellotti, 435 U.S. 765, 792 n. 32, 98 S.Ct. 1407, 55 L.Ed.2d 707 (1978); see also Citizens United, 130 S.Ct. at 913-14 (upholding a disclosure requirement for advertisements relating to a candidate election). Perhaps the pooling of resources by four individuals equates to a contribution under this line of
These substantive issues need not be addressed on the pending motion. The plaintiffs assert an interest in not wasting their limited air time identifying themselves, and they wish to have their message evaluated only on its merits. But the plaintiffs have themselves disclosed their identities in the complaint in this lawsuit, if not in other places as well, so they have themselves allowed listeners— at least those who care enough to check— to determine the source of the message. The plaintiffs say that announcing their identities as part of the advertisement will reduce by 20% the time devoted to the message and that the identification requirement thus trenches on core First Amendment values. But in fact all the plaintiffs will have to do, to air exactly the same message they wish to air, is to pay a little more for a little more air time. It is, in short, a question of money, and not much money at that. Even using their own 20% calculation, the plaintiffs will have to spend just $750, or $187.50 apiece, to air the same message they hoped to get for $600, or $150 apiece. When the issue is ultimately presented on the merits, it will be no answer that the amount of money at issue is small. But at the preliminary-injunction stage, in analyzing whether an injury is irreparable, the ability to avoid the injury this easily can properly be considered.
As set out in section IV above, a denial of First Amendment rights, standing alone, is often an irreparable injury. But that is not so when the issue is only a small amount of money. The plaintiffs can put up an extra $37.50 each at this time— they have not asserted that they are indigent or that putting up this amount of money will cause a hardship—and thus avoid any reduction in the content or volume of their speech. They can obtain a ruling on the claimed constitutional right to anonymity after the merits are fully and fairly litigated. Requiring the plaintiffs to put up the extra money will cause them no irreparable harm.
For the same reasons, and as set out in sections III and IV above, the balance of equities and public interest are factors that cut against a preliminary injunction on this issue.
Finally, the plaintiffs challenge the limitation on spending contributions received in the last five days before the election. See § 106.08(4), Fla. Stat. The limitation is timed to coincide with the requirement for disclosing contributions. A political committee's last required disclosure is five days before the election. The state's asserted justification for the limitation on spending funds received later is that it is necessary to prevent a committee or contributor from circumventing the requirement to disclose contributions. Without the limitation, a contributor could wait until after the last required disclosure, and then pour money into the campaign, without anyone knowing until after the election, when the knowledge could not affect the election's outcome. Or so the theory goes.
The state attempts to minimize the impact of the limitation, noting that an advocate can still spend funds in the five days before the election, so long as the funds were raised earlier, and can still spend funds raised in the five days before the election, just not on that election. But the ability to raise and spend funds in the last five days before an election is not insignificant.
The state's justification for the limitation does not survive exacting scrutiny in another respect as well. The last required disclosure is five days before the election, but that does not prevent a political committee from filing another disclosure during the last five days. If a committee receives a contribution during the weekend before the election and files a disclosure on Monday morning, there is no adequate justification for preventing the committee from spending the money on Monday afternoon, before Tuesday's election. In the days of electronic filing and internet access to public records, any assertion that a five-day lag time is needed to provide meaningful public access has too little weight to justify a ban on core First Amendment speech.
So the plaintiffs are likely to prevail on the merits on this issue. And if the effect of the challenged provision is to prevent the plaintiffs from raising and spending funds in the last five days before this election as they intend to do, the result will be the suppression of speech in violation of the First Amendment. Here, unlike on the plaintiffs' other claims, there is no effective work-around that will allow the plaintiffs to speak as much and as effectively. Nor will a last-minute change substantially disrupt the election, because it will remain true that a political committee can spend contributions only if (1) their disclosure at least five days before the election will be mandatory or (2) they have in fact been disclosed before they are spent. On this issue, therefore, the plaintiffs have satisfied the four criteria for issuance of a preliminary injunction.
The plaintiffs assert that because they are citizens bringing a constitutional challenge to government action, they ought not be required to post security as a condition of the preliminary injunction, as otherwise required by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65(c). At least two circuits have approved dispensing with security for indigent plaintiffs who are otherwise entitled to preliminary injunctive relief. See Pharm. Soc'y Inc. v. Dep't of Soc. Servs., 50 F.3d 1168, 1174 (2d Cir.1995) (waiving the bond requirement for indigent plaintiffs asserting claims under comprehensive federal health and welfare statutes); Temple Univ. v. White, 941 F.2d 201, 219-20 (3d Cir.1991) (upholding the waiver of the bond requirement in an action to enforce compliance with the Medicaid Act). The plaintiffs do not assert they are indigent, but they do say they are unable to post substantial security. The defendants have neither contested the claim nor asserted that if a preliminary injunction is otherwise deemed proper, the plaintiffs should be required to post security. This order imposes no requirement for security, but the defendants may move to amend the order if they assert that the limited preliminary injunction will cause them to incur expenses for which the plaintiffs should be required to provide security.
This case raises issues that cannot be finally resolved on the plaintiffs' motion for a preliminary injunction. At this early stage, the plaintiffs appear likely to prevail on the merits on the claim that they have a First Amendment right to spend contributions that are received and fully disclosed in the five days before an election. Based on the likelihood of success on the merits and the other factors that govern a preliminary-injunction motion, the plaintiffs' motion should be granted only on the challenge
IT IS ORDERED:
1. The plaintiffs' motion for a preliminary injunction, ECF No. 6, is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART.
2. The defendants must not enforce against the plaintiffs any provision of Florida law preventing the plaintiffs from spending—in connection with the November 2, 2010, election—a contribution received in the last five days before the election, on the ground that the contribution was received in the last five days before the election, but this injunction applies only if, before the contribution is spent, the plaintiffs have fully disclosed the contribution in a filing properly made with the Division of Elections.
3. This injunction binds the defendants and their officers, agents, servants, employees, and attorneys—and others in active concert or participation with any of them—who receive actual notice of this injunction by personal service or otherwise.
4. This injunction is effective immediately, without the posting of security, but an order will be entered requiring the posting of security if a defendant so moves.
5. This injunction will remain in effect until the entry of a final judgment or until otherwise ordered.
